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Puccinia triticina (P. recondita) DISEASE: Leaf or Brown rust PATHOGEN: Puccinia triticina (Syn. Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici) HOSTS: Wheat, barley and common Barberry (Berberis, Mahoberberis and Mahonia spp.) Symptoms…
The disease was recorded simultaneously in Europe and North America in 1830. It became very well established in Europe by 1842 and was one of the important causes of the…
It is almost certain that Ca2+ fluxes play a crucial role in the activation of defense responses. Induction of ROS and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades are two examples…
Introduction Transfer of nucleotide language of DNA to the nucleotide language of RNA, with the replacement of T by U. The process has been catalyzed by the enzyme DNA dependent…
A novelty song of more than 50 years ago listed food items the writer said he disliked. Each verse ended with the line, “I like bananas because they have no…
One of the fundamental difference between the plasma membrane and the cell wall is in the typeof organisms that they are found. The cell wall is present only in plants…
Natural products have been the foundation of traditional medicine systems for centuries, offering therapeutic benefits derived from plants, fungi, and marine organisms. Herbal medicines, which are formulations made from plant-based…
Excipients are inactive ingredients added to herbal formulations to improve stability,bioavailability, and effectiveness of the active herbal components. They ensure that the finalproduct is safe, effective, and patient-friendly.Types of Excipient…
Fig 1. Hershey- Chase experimented with radioactive phosphorous and sulfur to confirm that DNA is the “Transforming principle”. (Author: Thomasione. This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons; GNU Free…
In 1944, Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty provided additional experimental evidence using test tubes to strengthen Griffith’s “transforming principle.” Like Griffith, Avery and his colleagues used harmless R…