Concept of Cell CultureGerman botanist Gottlieb Haberlandt (1902) developed the concept of in-vitro cell culture he was the first to culture isolated cells in a nutrient medium containing glucose, peptones…

What is tumor? Tumor is undifferentiated or abnormal mass of cell of tissue and it may be solid or fluid filled. Tumor is also called neoplasm. A tumor doesn’t always…

Presence of megasporophylls leaves Megasporophyll is a type of leaf-like structure produced by heterosporous plants such as seed plants, lycophytes, and some ferns. Generally, it produces megasporangia, sacs that produce megaspores of…

“Gymnosperms are a group of plants that produce seeds not enclosed within the ovary or fruit.” Gymnosperms belong to kingdom ‘Plantae‘ and sub-kingdom ‘Embryophyta’. The fossil evidence suggested that they originated…

S.NO.GymnospermsAngiosperms1Vessels are absent (except Gnetales) in the xylem.Vessels are present in the xylem.2Phloem lacks companion cell.Companion cells are present3No Flower formation in Gymnosperms.Flower formation is present4Ovules are naked i.e. not…

S.No.CharacterPteridophytesGymnosperms1HabitatHygrophytes (i.e. grow in moist and shaddy places).Xerophytes (Grow where the water supply is scanty.)2RootAdventitious rootsTap Root3Vascular cambiumAbsentPresent4ArchegoniumNeck canal cell , venter canal cell PresentAbsent5WaterEssential for FertilizationNot necessary6Microspores and MegasporesDevelops…

What is a Linker? The linkers are short double-stranded sequences of DNA. They have blunt ends. They are chemically synthesized oligonucleotides. They are ligated with the blunt ends of a…

The nucleotides in DNA can be covalently modified, and in vertebrate cells the methylation of cytosine seems to provide an important mechanism for distinguishing genes that are active from those…