Concept of Cell Culture
German botanist Gottlieb Haberlandt (1902) developed the concept of in-vitro cell culture he was the first to culture isolated cells in a nutrient medium containing glucose, peptones and knops salt solution Haberlandt realized that asepsis was necessary when culture media are enriched with organic substances metabolized in his culture free from contamination. Cells were able to synthesized starch as well as survived for several weeks. However Haberlandt failed in its goals to induce these cells to divide. He is constituted to be Father of Tissue Culture.
Development of Tissue Culture
Hanning in (1904) initiated a new line of investigation involving the culture of embryo genetic tissue which later becomes an important applied area of investigation using in-vitro tech. He excised nearly mature embryo of crucifers and successfully grew them to maturity on mineral salts and sugar solution.
Root Tip Culture
Kotte (1922) Germany and Robbins (1922) USA both was successful in an establishment of excised root tip in-vitro. They postulated that a true in-vitro culture could be made easier by using meristematic cells such as those that are present in root tips or buds. However in 1934 pioneering work of growing excised root
of tomato in-vitro was demonstrated by white initially white used a medium containing yeast extract
inorganic salts and sucrose. But later east extract was replace by 3 vitamins namely pyridoxine, thiamine and nicotinic acid. White synthetic media is used today as one of the basic media for the culture of various cells. Gautheret (France), White (U.S.A.) and Nobecourt frame published independently studies on successful cultivation of cambial tissue of carrot root (Gautheret, 1939), Tomato (White, 1939) and Carrot (Nobecourt, 1939).
During early 1950 a number of inquiries were initiated. It was realized that plant growth hormone enhanced the multiplication of totipotents cell. Miller and Skoog1953 worked on bud formation from
cultured pith explants of tobacco let to the discovery of kinetin. Now many synthetic as well as natural compounds which show shoot bud proliferation. Muir reported that if fragments of Tagetes erecta and Nicotiana tabacum are transferred to liquid medium and agitated on rotator shaker and then the callus fragment break up to give a suspension of a single cell and the further develop proper raft nurse technique. An important technique of cloning large number of single cells of higher plants was developed Bergman (1960). Toshio Murashige in Wiskonsin University.Later professor in the University of California guard the most universally used high salt media along with Skoog i.e. MS medium in 1962 in addition to mineral salts. The media contains on energy source vitamins and growth regulators. In 1958 regeneration of somatic embryo in-vitro from nucleus of Citrus ovule was cloned by Maheshwari and Rangaswami.
Maheshwari and Rangaswami in 1959 was regenerated somatic embryo from callus clumps and cell suspension of Daucus carrota. Kocking in 1960 discovered enzyme cellulose and pectinase with solubilize the cell wall in buffer solution in optimum pH caused protoplast isolation and culture. Guha and Maheshwari reported direct development of embryo from microspores of Datura innoxia by culture of
excised anther. Fasil and Helderbrandt (1975) observed colonies arising from cloning of isolated cells of the hybrids Nicotiana glutinosa. The phenomenon of somatic embryogenesisleading to plantlet formation in cultures was later reported in many species. All these discoveries contributed to establishment of totipotency of somatic ells under experimental condition. These by accomplishing the goals set by Haberlandt.